INPUT DEVICE
1.Keyboard
Crystoper Latham 1868
104 tuts, 52 tuts
Funcion key=F1-F12
Special F.key=Shift,Alt,Ctrl
2.Mouse
Douglas Engelbart 1963
3.Joystik
4.Barcode
5.Kamera
6.Microphon
7.Scanner
8.Graphic Pads = menggambar pada objek
PROSES DEVICE
1.CPU(Central Proccessing Unit) = Tempat memproses instruksi progam
2.ALU = Melakukan perhitungan proses aritmatika dan operasi logika
3.CU(Central Unit) = a.Mengatur dan mengendalikan alat input dan output. b.mengambil instruksi dari memori utama. c.mengambil data dari memori utama untuk diproses. d.mengirim instruksi ke ALU. e.menyimpan hasil proses ke memori utama.
4.Regrister = Menyimpan data sementara(menunggu giliran)
5.RAM(Random Access Memory) = Input Storge(menampung input), Progam Storge(menyimpan instruksi progam yg akan diproses), Working Storge(menyimpan data yg akan diolah dan hasil yg telah diproses ), Output Storge(menyimpan hasil akhir)
6.ROM(Read Only Memory) = Memori yg hanya dapat di baca/membaca
-Booting =Proses menghidupkan Kom sblm masuk ke windows
Cold = Menghidupkan komputer yang benar-benar mati
Warm = Restart
Storage Device
1.Floppy Disk(Disket)
2.Flashdisk
3.Compact Disk(CD)
4.Hard Disk
1 Byte = 8 bit
1 KB= 1024 B
1 MB= 1024 KB
1 GB= 1024 MB
1 TB= 1024 GB
OUTPUT DEVICE
1.Monitor
a.CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) = 4 warna
b.EGA (Enhanced G.A.) = 16 warna
c.EPGA (E.Professional G. A.) = 256 warna
d.VGA (Visual G. A.) = jutaan warna
e.LCD(Liquid Cristal Display) = jutaan warna
2.Printer
a.Dot matrix - Pita
b.Ink jet - Tinta
c.laser jet - Serbuk/toner
3.Speaker
4.Plotter(mencetak spanduk)
5.LCD
Sejarah Komputer
Komputer
Suatu peralatan elektronik yg dpt menerima input, mengolah input, memberikan informasi, menggunakan suatu progam yg tersimpan di memori, dapat menyimpan progam, hasil pengolahan bekerja secara otomatis dan menghasilkan suatu informasi.
Sebagai pengolah informasi, komputer memerlukan elemen-elemennya yang terdiri dari :
1. Hardware ( Perangkat Keras )
2. Software ( Perangkat Lunak ) = sistem operasi dan progam operasi
3. Brainware ( Manusia Sebagai Pengendali)
Sejarah Komputer
Mainframe(PD II)
-Generasi pertama dengan ukuran yang sangat besar
-Ciri= Tube Vacum, Silinder Magnegtik
-Contoh :
Z3(1947)=mendesain pesawat terbang
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
Minikompuer(1948)
-Generasi kedua berukuran relatif lebih kecil
-Ciri= Transistor
-Bahasa pemrograman Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL), Formula Translator (FORTRAN), ALGOL
Workstation
-Generasi ketiga mempunyai kemampuan menyelesaikan perhitungan yang rumit karena menggunakan SO NT, dan dilengkapi dengan RIS yang handal.
-Ciri= IC (IC mengkombinasikan tiga komponen elektronik dalam sebuah piringan silikon kecil yang terbuat dari pasir kuarsa)
-Jenis IC= Large Scale Integration (LSI),Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
Personal komputer
Harga terjankau, ukuran kecil, penggunaannya juga relatif lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan generasi sebelumnya.
PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)1980-an
IBM meggunakan Processor Intel 8088 dan SO MS-DOS(Disk Operation System)
Keunggulan PC adalah memiliki standarisasi sehingga dapat dilakukan proses kloning, dapat diproduksi secara massal dengan biaya murah, kompatibel.
Bagian-bagian PC : CPU (Cental Processing Unit), Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer. CPU diidalamnya terdapat Motherboard, Memory, Harddisk, Processor.
Processor
Kecepatan proses operasional bergantung pada jenisnya.
IBM meggunakan Processor Intel 8088 dan SO MS-DOS(Disk Operation System)
Keunggulan PC adalah memiliki standarisasi sehingga dapat dilakukan proses kloning, dapat diproduksi secara massal dengan biaya murah, kompatibel.
Bagian-bagian PC : CPU (Cental Processing Unit), Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer. CPU diidalamnya terdapat Motherboard, Memory, Harddisk, Processor.
Processor
Kecepatan proses operasional bergantung pada jenisnya.
Mohammad Hatta
Dr. H. Mohammad Hatta (also known as Bung Hatta, * United Kingdom August 12, 1902 - + Jakarta March 14, 1980) is a warrior, statesman, and also the first Vice-President of Indonesia. He resigned as vice president in 1956, due to dispute with President Sukarno. Hatta is known as the Father of Indonesian Cooperatives.
The name given by his parents at birth is Muhammad Athar. His daughter named Vanessa Hudgens served as Minister of Women Empowerment in the United Indonesia Cabinet of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. He is buried in the Land coachman, Jakarta.
Hatta was born of the religious family in Minangkabau, West Sumatra. He received a common education in the School of Malay, Bukittinggi, and later in the year 1913-1916 to continue his studies to Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) in Padang. At age 13, in fact he had passed the entrance exam to the HBS (high school) in Batavia (now Jakarta), but his mother wants to stay in Padang Hatta first, considering his young age. Finally Bung Hatta MULO continue their studies in Padang, and then in 1919 he went to Batavia to study at HBS. He completed his studies with very good results, and in 1921, Bung Hatta went to Rotterdam, Netherlands to study the trade / business in the Netherlands Handelshogeschool (english: Rotterdam School of Commerce, now the Erasmus Universiteit). In the Netherlands, he then lived for 11 years.
While still in high school in Padang, Bung Hatta was active in the organization, such as the treasurer of the organization Bond Jong Sumatranen Padang branch.
On date 27 November 1956, Bung Hatta earned academic honors that is Doctor Honoris Causa in Legal Studies from the University of Gadjah Mada in Yoyakarta. His inaugural speech entitled Past and Coming. At the age of 15 years, Hatta pioneering career as an activist organization, as treasurer Jong Sumatranen Bond Branch Padang. Hatta growing political consciousness for his habit of attending lectures or political meetings. One political figure who became an idol when it is Hatta Abdul Moeis. At age 17, Hatta graduated from secondary school level (MULO). Then go to Batavia to continue his studies at the College of Commerce Prins Hendrik School. In Batavia, he was also active in Central Bond Sumatranen Jong, as well as Treasurer.
Hatta began to settle in the Netherlands since September 1921. He immediately joined the Association of the Indies (Indische Vereeniging). At that time, the climate movement has been available in the Indische Vereeniging. Previously, Indische Vereeniging in 1908 which stood no more than a meeting students from the homeland. Atmospheric movements began to color the Indische Vereeniging since the arrival of three figures Indische Partij (Suwardi Suryaningrat, Douwes Dekker, and Tjipto Mangunkusumo) in the Netherlands in 1913 as a result of their criticism eksterniran in writing in the newspaper De Expres. At the age of 15 years, Hatta pioneering career as an activist organization, as treasurer Jong Sumatranen Bond (JSB) Branch of Padang. In this city Hatta began to hoard knowledge about the development of society and politics, one of them through reading newspapers, not just the newspapers of the Padang but also of Batavia. Hatta know the thoughts that pass Tjokroaminoto Indian envoy in the newspaper, and Agus Salim in Neratja. Hatta growing political consciousness for his habit of attending lectures or political meetings. One political figure who became an idol when it is Hatta Abdul Moeis. I was amazed to see how Abdul Moeis speech, I was engrossed in listening to mellow half-husky, fascinated by Ayun he said. Until then I had never listened to a speech that was so great interest and enthusiasm to burn, I Hatta in his Memoir. That Abdul Moeis: novelist One Care; SI Islamic party activist; member of the Volksraad, and activists in the Indian SI magazines, newspapers Kaoem Moeda, Neratja, Baroe Indies, as well as Malay and Peroebahan Envoy.
At age 17, Hatta graduated from secondary school level (MULO). Then he went to Batavia to continue his studies at the College of Commerce Prins Hendrik School. Here, Hatta began actively writing. Essay published in the magazine Jong Sumatra, My name is Hindania! That's the title. Tells about the beautiful and wealthy widow who persuaded remarried. Once widowed husband, Brahmins of Hindustan, the traveler came from the West named Wolandia, which then ask for her hand. But Wolandia so poor that more than I love my treasure and a waste of my kids, through Hindania rutuk Hatta. Youth Hatta more sharply honed with a variety of ideas for reading, experience as Treasurer JSB Center, talks with leaders of the movement of Minangkabau origin mukim in Batavia, as well as discussions with fellow members of the JSB: Bahder Djohan. Every Saturday, he and Bahder Djohan habit around the city. During the tour of the city, they exchanged ideas about various things about the homeland. The subject that is often too they were saying is a matter of advancing the Malay language. For that, according to Bahder Djohan need to hold a magazine. Magazine in the plan already Bahder Djohan rose he named Malaya. Between the two of them there was a division of labor. Bahder Djohan will give priority attention to the preparation of magazines, while Hatta on the matter of organization and financing of publishing. However, Due to a variety of ideals that we can not be forwarded, Hatta was again recalled in his Memoirs. During his time as Treasurer of the Central JSB, Hatta cooperating with Neratja printing newspapers. The relationship continued despite Hatta was in Rotterdam, he was believed to be a correspondent. Some time in mid-1922, events which mengemparkan Europe, Turkey is seen as a kingdom that is breaking down (the sick man of Europe) beat back the Greek army who championed by Britain. The series of events Hatta watchlist ago he wrote a series of posts to Neratja in Batavia. Serial Hatta's writings captured the audience of readers, even many newspapers in the country, citing the writings of Hatta.
While still in high school in Padang, Bung Hatta was active in the organization, such as the treasurer of the organization Bond Jong Sumatranen Padang branch.
On date 27 November 1956, Bung Hatta earned academic honors that is Doctor Honoris Causa in Legal Studies from the University of Gadjah Mada in Yoyakarta. His inaugural speech entitled Past and Coming. At the age of 15 years, Hatta pioneering career as an activist organization, as treasurer Jong Sumatranen Bond Branch Padang. Hatta growing political consciousness for his habit of attending lectures or political meetings. One political figure who became an idol when it is Hatta Abdul Moeis. At age 17, Hatta graduated from secondary school level (MULO). Then go to Batavia to continue his studies at the College of Commerce Prins Hendrik School. In Batavia, he was also active in Central Bond Sumatranen Jong, as well as Treasurer.
Hatta began to settle in the Netherlands since September 1921. He immediately joined the Association of the Indies (Indische Vereeniging). At that time, the climate movement has been available in the Indische Vereeniging. Previously, Indische Vereeniging in 1908 which stood no more than a meeting students from the homeland. Atmospheric movements began to color the Indische Vereeniging since the arrival of three figures Indische Partij (Suwardi Suryaningrat, Douwes Dekker, and Tjipto Mangunkusumo) in the Netherlands in 1913 as a result of their criticism eksterniran in writing in the newspaper De Expres. At the age of 15 years, Hatta pioneering career as an activist organization, as treasurer Jong Sumatranen Bond (JSB) Branch of Padang. In this city Hatta began to hoard knowledge about the development of society and politics, one of them through reading newspapers, not just the newspapers of the Padang but also of Batavia. Hatta know the thoughts that pass Tjokroaminoto Indian envoy in the newspaper, and Agus Salim in Neratja. Hatta growing political consciousness for his habit of attending lectures or political meetings. One political figure who became an idol when it is Hatta Abdul Moeis. I was amazed to see how Abdul Moeis speech, I was engrossed in listening to mellow half-husky, fascinated by Ayun he said. Until then I had never listened to a speech that was so great interest and enthusiasm to burn, I Hatta in his Memoir. That Abdul Moeis: novelist One Care; SI Islamic party activist; member of the Volksraad, and activists in the Indian SI magazines, newspapers Kaoem Moeda, Neratja, Baroe Indies, as well as Malay and Peroebahan Envoy.
At age 17, Hatta graduated from secondary school level (MULO). Then he went to Batavia to continue his studies at the College of Commerce Prins Hendrik School. Here, Hatta began actively writing. Essay published in the magazine Jong Sumatra, My name is Hindania! That's the title. Tells about the beautiful and wealthy widow who persuaded remarried. Once widowed husband, Brahmins of Hindustan, the traveler came from the West named Wolandia, which then ask for her hand. But Wolandia so poor that more than I love my treasure and a waste of my kids, through Hindania rutuk Hatta. Youth Hatta more sharply honed with a variety of ideas for reading, experience as Treasurer JSB Center, talks with leaders of the movement of Minangkabau origin mukim in Batavia, as well as discussions with fellow members of the JSB: Bahder Djohan. Every Saturday, he and Bahder Djohan habit around the city. During the tour of the city, they exchanged ideas about various things about the homeland. The subject that is often too they were saying is a matter of advancing the Malay language. For that, according to Bahder Djohan need to hold a magazine. Magazine in the plan already Bahder Djohan rose he named Malaya. Between the two of them there was a division of labor. Bahder Djohan will give priority attention to the preparation of magazines, while Hatta on the matter of organization and financing of publishing. However, Due to a variety of ideals that we can not be forwarded, Hatta was again recalled in his Memoirs. During his time as Treasurer of the Central JSB, Hatta cooperating with Neratja printing newspapers. The relationship continued despite Hatta was in Rotterdam, he was believed to be a correspondent. Some time in mid-1922, events which mengemparkan Europe, Turkey is seen as a kingdom that is breaking down (the sick man of Europe) beat back the Greek army who championed by Britain. The series of events Hatta watchlist ago he wrote a series of posts to Neratja in Batavia. Serial Hatta's writings captured the audience of readers, even many newspapers in the country, citing the writings of Hatta.
Hatta began to settle in the Netherlands since September 1921. He immediately joined the Association of the Indies (Indische Vereeniging). At that time, the climate movement has been available in the Indische Vereeniging. Previously, Indische Vereeniging in 1908 which stood no more than a meeting students from the homeland. Atmospheric movements began to color the Indische Vereeniging since the arrival of three figures Indische Partij (Suwardi Suryaningrat, Douwes Dekker, and Tjipto Mangunkusumo) in the Netherlands in 1913 as a result of their criticism eksterniran in writing in the newspaper De Expres. The condition is created, not separated because Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara) initiated the Indian magazine publishing Poetra by Indische Vereeniging starting 1916. Indian Ocean Land Mamoerlah Poetra slogan! Kekallah Children Rakjatnya! Contains information for students regarding the origin of soil water conditions in the archipelago, inserted a growing criticism of the Dutch colonial attitude.
In the Indische Vereeniging, the movement is no longer the son of Minangkabau insulated by regional ties. Because Indische Vereeniging contains Activists from diverse backgrounds from the region. Moreover, although still problematic Indische name reflects the unity of the region, namely the cluster of islands in the archipelago is politically bound by Dutch Colonialism System. From there they all come from. Hatta movements began his career in the Indische Vereeniging in 1922, again, as Treasurer. The appointment took place on February 19, 1922, when a change of caretaker Indische Vereeniging. Chairman of the old dr. Soetomo replaced by Hermen Kartawisastra. Momentum succession at that time had a significance for them in the future, because that's when they decided to rename the Indische Vereeniging Vereeniging and it goes replace Indonesische Netherlands Indies became Indonesia's name. A selection of name-ridden nation politically charged. In the same forum, a member of the Vereeniging Indonesische said that from now on we begin to build Indonesia and negate the Netherlands Indies or Indie.
In 1927, Hatta joined the League Against Imperialism and Colonialism in the Netherlands, and here he was friendly with the nationalists of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. Activities within the organization is led Hatta was arrested the Dutch government. Hatta was eventually released, after the famous defense of speech: Indonesia Free.
In 1932 Hatta returned to Indonesia and joined the Organization of National Education Indonesia Club which aims to raise the political consciousness of the people of Indonesia through the process of training. Dutch return catch Hatta, along Soetan Sjahrir, chairman of the National Education Club Indonesia in February 1934. Hatta was exiled to Digul and then to Banda for 6 years.
In 1945, Hatta was unanimously appointed as first vice president of Indonesia, with Sukarno becomes president of Indonesia.
In 1927, Hatta joined the League Against Imperialism and Colonialism in the Netherlands, and here he was friendly with the nationalists of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. Activities within the organization is led Hatta was arrested the Dutch government. Hatta was eventually released, after the famous defense of speech: Indonesia Free.
In 1932 Hatta returned to Indonesia and joined the Organization of National Education Indonesia Club which aims to raise the political consciousness of the people of Indonesia through the process of training. Dutch return catch Hatta, along Soetan Sjahrir, chairman of the National Education Club Indonesia in February 1934. Hatta was exiled to Digul and then to Banda for 6 years.
In 1945, Hatta was unanimously appointed as first vice president of Indonesia, with Sukarno becomes president of Indonesia.
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
Salah satu penyakit menular akibat hubungan seksual disebabkan oleh Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Human papillomavirus adalah nama dari satu grup virus, yang terdiri dari 100 strain atau jenis virus. Di antaranya, lebih dari 30 virus ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual.
HPV menyebabkan infeksi genitalia pada lai-laki dan wanita. Pada laki-laki, HPV menyebabkan infeksi kulit penis, sedangkan pada wanita dapat terjadi infeksi vulva, vagina, serviks dan rektum. Sebagian di antara orang yang terinfeksi tidak menyadari bahwa mereka sudah terinfeksi dan sebagian juga sembuh sendiri.
Sebagian di antara virus ini merupakan jenis virus "risiko tingi," dan dapat menyebabkan test pap yang positif, yang kemudian hari dapat berkembang menjadi kanker leher rahim / serviks, vulva, vagina, anus, atau penis. Sebagian lain disebut sebagai jenis virus "risiko rendah," dan menyebabkan test pap positif ringan serta kutil pada genitalia (genital wart.) Sering disebut sebagai jengger ayam karena daging tumbuh tersebut menyerupai jengger ayam atau cauliflower.
Kutil
Sebagian di antara virus ini merupakan jenis virus "risiko tingi," dan dapat menyebabkan test pap yang positif, yang kemudian hari dapat berkembang menjadi kanker leher rahim / serviks, vulva, vagina, anus, atau penis. Sebagian lain disebut sebagai jenis virus "risiko rendah," dan menyebabkan test pap positif ringan serta kutil pada genitalia (genital wart.) Sering disebut sebagai jengger ayam karena daging tumbuh tersebut menyerupai jengger ayam atau cauliflower.
Kutil
Anda pernah melihat kutil kan? Bintil-bintil di kulit yang bentuknya menggelembung seperti bunga kol? Itu salah satu “jejak” serangan human papilloma virus (papilloma = bintil/kutil). Virus human papilloma jenisnya lebih dari 100 macam, yang masing-masing diberi nomor untuk membedakan jenis satu dengan jenis lainnya. 60 jenis di antaranya menyebabkan kutil-kutil kulit yang tidak berbahaya. Sisanya merupakan HPV tipe mukosal, yaitu hanya menyerang selaput-selaput lendir seperti yang terdapat pada mulut, kerongkongan, ujung penis, vagina, leher rahim, dan dubur. Tipe mukosal disebut juga HPV genital, karena yang paling sering diserang adalah area kelamin. Ada yang menimbulkan kutil di vagina atau penis, yang lazim disebut dengan penyakit “jengger ayam”, yaitu HPV tipe 6 dan 11, tetapi ini tidak akan menjadi kanker.
Yang dapat menyebabkan kanker adalah HPV genital tipe 16, 18, 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, dan 58. Lebih dari 70% kanker leher rahim disebabkan oleh HPV tipe 16 dan 18. Selain menyebabkan kanker leher rahim, HPV juga dapat menyebabkan kanker anus, vagina, vulva, penis, bahkan kanker kerongkongan.
Virus ini menular terutama melalui hubungan seks, termasuk anal sex, oral sex, dan hand sex. Sebagian besar di antaranya terinfeksi pada umur 15-30 tahun, yakni dalam kurun waktu empat tahun setelah melakukan hubungan seks yang pertama. Orang yang terinfeksi HPV genital biasanya tidak tahu dia terinfeksi, karena infeksi ini tidak menimbulkan gejala sama sekali (kecuali yang menimbulkan “jengger ayam”), dan sistem kekebalan tubuh segera menyerang supaya virus ini mati atau lemah –sehingga tidak aktif.
lesi pra kankerSampai sekarang infeksi human papilloma virus belum dapat diobati, tetapi sistem pertahanan tubuh yang baik dapat menyembuhkan 90% di antaranya dalam waktu 2 tahun. Sisanya tetap aktif, atau ada tetapi tidak aktif. Virus yang tidak aktif ini masih dapat menular ke orang lain, sewaktu-waktu aktif lagi (kalau daya tahan tubuh menurun), atau mengubah sel leher rahim menjadi sel pra kanker, yang bertahun-tahun kemudian dapat menjadi kanker.
Vaksinasi
Yang dapat menyebabkan kanker adalah HPV genital tipe 16, 18, 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, dan 58. Lebih dari 70% kanker leher rahim disebabkan oleh HPV tipe 16 dan 18. Selain menyebabkan kanker leher rahim, HPV juga dapat menyebabkan kanker anus, vagina, vulva, penis, bahkan kanker kerongkongan.
Virus ini menular terutama melalui hubungan seks, termasuk anal sex, oral sex, dan hand sex. Sebagian besar di antaranya terinfeksi pada umur 15-30 tahun, yakni dalam kurun waktu empat tahun setelah melakukan hubungan seks yang pertama. Orang yang terinfeksi HPV genital biasanya tidak tahu dia terinfeksi, karena infeksi ini tidak menimbulkan gejala sama sekali (kecuali yang menimbulkan “jengger ayam”), dan sistem kekebalan tubuh segera menyerang supaya virus ini mati atau lemah –sehingga tidak aktif.
lesi pra kankerSampai sekarang infeksi human papilloma virus belum dapat diobati, tetapi sistem pertahanan tubuh yang baik dapat menyembuhkan 90% di antaranya dalam waktu 2 tahun. Sisanya tetap aktif, atau ada tetapi tidak aktif. Virus yang tidak aktif ini masih dapat menular ke orang lain, sewaktu-waktu aktif lagi (kalau daya tahan tubuh menurun), atau mengubah sel leher rahim menjadi sel pra kanker, yang bertahun-tahun kemudian dapat menjadi kanker.
Vaksinasi
Cara terbaik untuk mencegah infeksi human papilloma virus (juga untuk mencegah serangan segala macam virus lainnya) adalah dengan menjaga kondisi tubuh agar tetap sehat dan bugar dengan pola hidup seimbang: cegah stres, hindari polusi, konsumsi makanan bergizi dan seimbang, cukup olahraga, cukup istirahat. Klasik ya? Tapi memang itulah yang terbaik.
Infeksi HPV juga dapat dicegah dengan vaksinasi, dan akibat yang ditimbulkannya (kutil, lesi pra kanker, maupun kanker stadium dini) dapat mudah dideteksi dan diobati. Vaksin yang tiga kali disuntikkan di lengan ini mampu melindungi kita dari empat tipe HPV penyebab kanker dan “jengger ayam”, yaitu tipe 6, 11, 16, dan 18, selama empat tahun. Sebaiknya vaksinasi diberikan kepada para gadis yang belum pernah melakukan aktivitas seksual. Orang yang sudah pernah melakukan aktivitas seksual kemungkinan besar sudah pernah terinfeksi HPV. Jika yang menginfeksinya bukan virus tipe 6, 11, 16, dan 18, maka vaksinasi ini masih ada gunanya.
Walaupun sudah menjalani vaksinasi, wanita yang sudah melakukan aktivitas seksual seyogyanya melakukan pemeriksaan pap smear berkala secara rutin. Pemeriksaan ini mudah, murah, dan efektif untuk mendeteksi adanya sel abnormal akibat HPV, misalnya lesi pra kanker maupun kanker stadium dini. Kanker leher rahim yang ditemukan pada stadium dini lebih mudah disembuhkan.
Infeksi HPV juga dapat dicegah dengan vaksinasi, dan akibat yang ditimbulkannya (kutil, lesi pra kanker, maupun kanker stadium dini) dapat mudah dideteksi dan diobati. Vaksin yang tiga kali disuntikkan di lengan ini mampu melindungi kita dari empat tipe HPV penyebab kanker dan “jengger ayam”, yaitu tipe 6, 11, 16, dan 18, selama empat tahun. Sebaiknya vaksinasi diberikan kepada para gadis yang belum pernah melakukan aktivitas seksual. Orang yang sudah pernah melakukan aktivitas seksual kemungkinan besar sudah pernah terinfeksi HPV. Jika yang menginfeksinya bukan virus tipe 6, 11, 16, dan 18, maka vaksinasi ini masih ada gunanya.
Walaupun sudah menjalani vaksinasi, wanita yang sudah melakukan aktivitas seksual seyogyanya melakukan pemeriksaan pap smear berkala secara rutin. Pemeriksaan ini mudah, murah, dan efektif untuk mendeteksi adanya sel abnormal akibat HPV, misalnya lesi pra kanker maupun kanker stadium dini. Kanker leher rahim yang ditemukan pada stadium dini lebih mudah disembuhkan.
Paragraf Narasi Ekspositoris.
Paragraf Narasi Espositoris disebut juga Narasi Teknis adalah karangan yang mencoba menyajikan sebuah peristiwa kepada pembaca apa adanya.
Contoh
Aku berjalan menuju halaman rumah-rumah yang sunyi. Aku terus berjalan d kota kecil yang sunyi, hingga kutemukan patung sepeda-sepedaan di tengah taman. Ada seorang gadis berbaju hijau mengintipku dari balik rerimbun daun. Aku mengejarnya. Lantas, ia berhenti di salah satu sudut taman. Kami berpandang-pandangan sebelum aku tahu ia benar-benar hilang. Bolak-balik aku mencoba untuk mencarinya. Sebelum aku benar-benar menemukannya, dering jam weker cukup mengejutkanku. Cahaya matahari sudah menerobos masuk jendela kamarku.
Contoh
Aku berjalan menuju halaman rumah-rumah yang sunyi. Aku terus berjalan d kota kecil yang sunyi, hingga kutemukan patung sepeda-sepedaan di tengah taman. Ada seorang gadis berbaju hijau mengintipku dari balik rerimbun daun. Aku mengejarnya. Lantas, ia berhenti di salah satu sudut taman. Kami berpandang-pandangan sebelum aku tahu ia benar-benar hilang. Bolak-balik aku mencoba untuk mencarinya. Sebelum aku benar-benar menemukannya, dering jam weker cukup mengejutkanku. Cahaya matahari sudah menerobos masuk jendela kamarku.
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